2011年8月24日 星期三

P/E






市盈率





市盈率(Price to Earing Ratio,簡稱PE)是會計財務學上的一個比率,是按股價除以每股全年盈利所得出來。


每隻股票的股價不同,但透過這個比率可以粗略明白股票價值是否便宜。這個比率所反映的是投資於股票的回本期。假設某股的市盈率為10倍,即表示投資者按現價買入該股票的話,若未來盈利保持不變,便需時10年才能完全回本。換言之,市盈率越低,回本期越短。


理論上,市盈率愈低,股價愈便宜。不過,實際上股票的每股盈利增長並非固定因素,一隻增長股與一隻盈利平穩的公用股盈利增長當然會不同。假設某股的市盈率是10倍,同時每股盈利的年複合增長率為20%,則現價買入該股的投資者,只需6年便可回本。投資者會因為預期盈利增長高,而願意以較高市盈率買入該股。




你所見的P/E, 即係 P/E ratio (Price to Earnings ratio)釋義. 市盈率
即是指公司當時股價與每股盈利的比率。



所謂市盈率,是會計財務學上的一個比率,是以股價除以每股盈利而得出來。
或者,再簡單一點說,這個比率就等於回本期。若某股的市盈率為20倍,
即表示投資者須持有該股約二十年,才有機會完全回本
(這裡假設每股盈利不變)。
假如每股盈利增長理想,則持有該股的回本期將會縮短;
自然,回本期是愈短愈好。


市盈率 (倍) P/E ratio 


公式: 市盈率 = 股價 / 每股盈利


「市盈率」反映市場對企業盈利的看法。
市盈率越高暗示市場越看好企業盈利的前境。
對於投資者來說,市盈率過低的股票會較為吸引。
不過,在訊息發達的金融市場,市盈率過低的股票是十分少見。
單憑市盈率來揀股是不可能的。


投資者可以利用每股盈利增長率(Rate of EPS Growth)i.e. Earnings per share (EPS) Growth Ratio,與市盈率作比較。


對於一間增長企業,如果其股價是合理的話,
每股盈利增長率將會與市盈率相約、有所對應。
如果企業每股盈利為5元,股價為40元,市盈率即為8倍。


由於股票的市盈率等於股票的回本期,市盈率愈低即回本期愈短,
所以市盈率也是愈低愈好。


市盈率可分為歷史市盈率和預期市盈率。一般人所說的市盈率,
是歷史市盈率,即以有關股票現價除以最新往績的每股盈利來計算。
不過,在買股票應買其前景的大前提下,投資者更應考慮該股的預期市盈率。


預期市盈率,是利用每股的預期盈利來計算的;
不過,由於各證券行或基金對預測每股盈利評估不一,
因此預期市盈率也僅屬參考數據。


至於哪個預期市盈率較可信,可看有關證券行或基金的預測往績作判斷。


無疑,市盈率能夠簡單、快捷地幫助投資者衡量個別股票的投資價值。


但若單以市盈率的倍數去決定該股是否值得買,似乎不是最佳的方法。


以市盈率選股,最好留意以下四點:


(1)股價走勢:假如往績每股盈利不變,股價的升勢將直接刺激市盈率上升。


換句話說,市盈率升跌與股價供求是有關的。


在1997年牛市期間,中國光大控股,在人為炒作下,
其市盈率曾高達1000倍以上,即回本期需一千年以上,
股價升幅可謂已與其基本因素脫鉤,追買或持有該股的風險可想而知。


(2)每股盈利的增長走勢:了解往績每股盈利增長的好處,
就是認清該公司的經營往績如何,若每股盈利反覆無常,時好時壞,
即使該公司的最新往績每股盈利錄得佳績,往績市盈率被拉低,
但並不等於其市盈率可持續維持於較低水平。


(3)宜先與同類股票的市盈率比較:


不同行業的回報率和投資風險都不一,所以各類股票的合理市盈率亦不同。


以優質基建股及公路股為例,若非處熊市,
該類股的市盈率應值十倍或以上,因其投資風險極低。


(4)宜先考慮大市氣氛:
大牛市時,二、三十倍市盈率的股票,也有很多人追捧,
原因是市場資金太多,而投資者購買股票很多時與股票的基本因素無關。


相反,若處熊市時,即使市盈率不足十倍,該股亦未必吸引到投資者購買,
因市盈率之所以偏低,或與股價大跌有關。


Few reasons why P/E is so popular
1) It is easy to compare against other companies or the same industry as price to earning is pretty straight forward to derive.
2) Very easy to access such a data, as we can pretty much get it from any financial website
3) P/E tend to interpret as value of the stock (i.e. based on many big companies like Merrill Lynch and etc), and having low P/E could signal them that this could be an attractive stock. And of course they would not only look at one factor and claim this is cheap or not (i.e. future growth, economy, the management team and etc)


For P/E, you have to be careful and there are rolling P/E and forecast P/E. Rolling P/E is based on the latest earning and current price, and it would change daily. Forecast P/E normally assumed fixed current price and forecast future growth rate and earning, this is to give reader an indication of what P/E would be like if the price remain at this level, normally this is to give investment expert a feel of how much price prediction have been captured in the current stock price.


To me, P/E is not a good way of looking at the far value of a stock because of the following,
1) Sudden drop of rolling P/E could mean that investor are expecting downward revise of earning in near future. So it might not be cheap and once the earning has revised down, the P/E will be high again.
2) Based on study from some business school, P/E is in fact weak prediction for stock price movement
3) P/E could give wrong signal during volatile economy (i.e. earning surprise), when people are expecting earning to improve, forecast P/E would resulted cheap and therefore price would increase to factor in the forecast earning. but if actual earning does not improve, price would tumble when result came out.


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